Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of specialized metabolites isolated from Centaurea hyalolepis.

The discovery of plant-derived compounds that are able to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens is an urgent demand. Over years, Centaurea hyalolepis attracted considerable attention because of its beneficial medical properties. Phytochemical analyses revealed that Centaurea plant species contain several metabolites, such as sesquiterpene lactones (STLs), essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, and lignans.The organic extract of C. hyalolepis plant, collected in Palestine, showed significant antimicrobial properties towards a panel of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains when the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values were evaluated by broth microdilution assays. A bio-guided fractionation of the active extract via multiple steps of column and thin layer chromatography allowed us to obtain three main compounds. The isolated metabolites were identified as the STLs cnicin, 11ß,13-dihydrosalonitenolide and salonitenolide by spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses. Cnicin conferred the strongest antimicrobial activity among the identified compounds. Moreover, the evaluation of its antibiofilm activity by biomass assays through crystal violet staining revealed almost 30% inhibition of biofilm formation in the case of A. baumannii ATCC 17878 strain. Furthermore, the quantification of carbohydrates and proteins present in the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) revealed the ability of cnicin to significantly perturb biofilm structure. Based on these promising results, further investigations might open interesting perspectives to its applicability in biomedical field to counteract multidrug resistant infections.

All natural mussel-inspired bioadhesives from soy proteins and plant derived polyphenols with marked water-resistance and favourable antibacterial profile for wound treatment applications.

HYPOTHESIS: Implementation of tissue adhesives from natural sources endowed with good mechanical properties and underwater resistance still represents a challenging research goal. Inspired by the extraordinary wet adhesion properties of mussel byssus proteins resulting from interaction of catechol and amino residues, hydrogels from soy protein isolate (SPI) and selected polyphenols i.e. caffeic acid (CA), chlorogenic acid (CGA) and gallic acid (GA) under mild aerial oxidative conditions were prepared. EXPERIMENTS: The hydrogels were subjected to chemical assays, ATR FT-IR and EPR spectroscopy, rheological and morphological SEM analysis. Mechanical tests were carried out on hydrogels prepared by inclusion of agarose. Biological tests included evaluation of the antibacterial and wound healing activity, and hemocompatibility. FINDINGS: The decrease of free NH2 and SH groups of SPI, the EPR features, the good cohesive strength and excellent underwater resistance (15 days for SPI/GA) under conditions relevant to their use as surgical glues indicated an efficient interaction of the polyphenols with the protein in the hydrogels. The polyphenols greatly also improved the mechanical properties of the SPI/ agarose/polyphenols hydrogels. These latter proved biocompatible, hemocompatible, not harmful to skin, displayed durable adhesiveness and good water-vapour permeability. Excellent antibacterial properties and in some cases (SPI/CGA) a favourable wound healing activity on dermal fibroblasts was obtained.

Exploring the Binding of Natural Compounds to Cancer-Related G-Quadruplex Structures: From 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrenes to Their Dimeric and Glucoside Derivatives.

In-depth studies on the interaction of natural compounds with cancer-related G-quadruplex structures have been undertaken only recently, despite their high potential as anticancer agents, especially due to their well-known and various bioactivities. In this frame, aiming at expanding the repertoire of natural compounds able to selectively recognize G-quadruplexes, and particularly focusing on phenanthrenoids, a mini-library including dimeric (1-3) and glucoside (4-5) analogues of 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes, a related tetrahydropyrene glucoside (6) along with 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 7 were investigated here by several biophysical techniques and molecular docking. Compounds 3 and 6 emerged as the most selective G-quadruplex ligands within the investigated series. These compounds proved to mainly target the grooves/flanking residues of the hybrid telomeric and parallel oncogenic G-quadruplex models exploiting hydrophobic, hydrogen bond and π-π interactions, without perturbing the main folds of the G-quadruplex structures. Notably, a binding preference was found for both ligands towards the hybrid telomeric G-quadruplex. Moreover, compounds 3 and 6 proved to be active on different human cancer cells in the low micromolar range. Overall, these compounds emerged as useful ligands able to target G-quadruplex structures, which are of interest as promising starting scaffolds for the design of analogues endowed with high and selective anticancer activity.

Ephedra foeminea as a Novel Source of Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Compounds to Fight Multidrug Resistance Phenotype.

Plants are considered a wealthy resource of novel natural drugs effective in the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections. Here, a bioguided purification of Ephedra foeminea extracts was performed to identify bioactive compounds. The determination of antimicrobial properties was achieved by broth microdilution assays to evaluate minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and by crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses (CLSM) to investigate the antibiofilm capacity of the isolated compounds. Assays were performed on a panel of three gram-positive and three gram-negative bacterial strains. Six compounds were isolated from E. foeminea extracts for the first time. They were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses as the well-known monoterpenoid phenols carvacrol and thymol and as four acylated kaempferol glycosides. Among them, the compound kaempferol-3-O-α-L-(2″,4″-di-E-p-coumaroyl)-rhamnopyranoside was found to be endowed with strong antibacterial properties and significant antibiofilm activity against S. aureus bacterial strains. Moreover, molecular docking studies on this compound suggested that the antibacterial activity of the tested ligand against S. aureus strains might be correlated to the inhibition of Sortase A and/or of tyrosyl tRNA synthase. Collectively, the results achieved open interesting perspectives to kaempferol-3-O-α-L-(2″,4″-di-E-p-coumaroyl)-rhamnopyranoside applicability in different fields, such as biomedical applications and biotechnological purposes such as food preservation and active packaging.

Selective light-up of dimeric G-quadruplex forming aptamers for efficient VEGF165 detection.

To develop efficient anticancer theranostic systems, we studied the interaction between a cyanine dye, analogue of thiazole orange (named CyOH), and two G-quadruplex-forming aptamers, V7t1 and 3R02, recognizing the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 165 (VEGF165) - an angiogenic protein overexpressed in cancer cells, responsible for the rapid growth and metastases of solid tumours. We demonstrated, by exploiting different biophysical techniques - i.e. gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism (CD), UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy - that this cyanine interacted with both aptamers giving a marked fluorescence light-up only when bound to their dimeric forms. Interestingly, both oligonucleotides recognized VEGF165 with higher affinity when adopting dimeric G-quadruplexes, largely prevalent over their monomeric forms in pseudo-physiological conditions. Notably, the fluorescence light-up produced by the probe was maintained when the dimeric aptamer-CyOH complexes bound to the target protein. These complexes, tested on MCF-7 cancer cells using non-tumorigenic MCF-10A cells as control, were effectively internalized in cells and colocalized with a fluorescently-labelled anti-VEGF-A antibody, allowing both recognition and detection of the target. Our experiments showed that the studied systems are promising tools for anticancer theranostic strategies, combining the therapeutic potential of the G4-forming anti-VEGF aptamers with the diagnostic efficacy of the cyanine selective fluorescence light-up.

Protective Effects of Recombinant Human Angiogenin in Keratinocytes: New Insights on Oxidative Stress Response Mediated by RNases.

Human angiogenin (ANG) is a 14-kDa ribonuclease involved in different pathophysiological processes including tumorigenesis, neuroprotection, inflammation, innate immunity, reproduction, the regeneration of damaged tissues and stress cell response, depending on its intracellular localization. Under physiological conditions, ANG moves to the cell nucleus where it enhances rRNA transcription; conversely, recent reports indicate that under stress conditions, ANG accumulates in the cytoplasmic compartment and modulates the production of tiRNAs, a novel class of small RNAs that contribute to the translational inhibition and recruitment of stress granules (SGs). To date, there is still limited and controversial experimental evidence relating to a hypothetical role of ANG in the epidermis, the outermost layer of human skin, which is continually exposed to external stressors. The present study collects compelling evidence that endogenous ANG is able to modify its subcellular localization on HaCaT cells, depending on different cellular stresses. Furthermore, the use of recombinant ANG allowed to determine as this special enzyme is effectively able to counter at various levels the alterations of cellular homeostasis in HaCaT cells, actually opening a new vision on the possible functions that this special enzyme can support also in the stress response of human skin.

Edible Films Made of Dried Olive Leaf Extract and Chitosan: Characterization and Applications.

Nowadays a possible strategy in food preservation consists of the use of active and functional packaging to improve safety and ensure a longer shelf life of food products. Many studies refer to chitosan-based films because of the already-known chitosan (CH) antibacterial and antifungal activity. In this work, we developed CH-based films containing Dried Olive Leaf Extract (DOLE) obtained by Naviglio extractor, with the aim to investigate the polyphenols yield and the antioxidant activity of this extract entrapped in CH-based-edible films. Olive tree cultivation produces a huge amount of byproducts that are usually simply burned. Phenolic compounds are already studied for their beneficial effects on human health. Some studies reported that phenols isolated from olive leaves have been shown to inhibit the growth of different strains of microorganisms. Thus, the antimicrobial effect of DOLE-containing films against bacterial strains (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC® 14028, Salmonella enteritidis RIVM 706, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC® 29212) was tested in vitro. The DOLE component of the films is effective in inhibiting all the bacteria tested in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, it was demonstrated that these edible films can act as active bioplastics when used to wrap hamburgers in substitution for baking paper, which is normally used.

Novel Retro-Inverso Peptide Antibiotic Efficiently Released by a Responsive Hydrogel-Based System.

Topical antimicrobial treatments are often ineffective on recalcitrant and resistant skin infections. This necessitates the design of antimicrobials that are less susceptible to resistance mechanisms, as well as the development of appropriate delivery systems. These two issues represent a great challenge for researchers in pharmaceutical and drug discovery fields. Here, we defined the therapeutic properties of a novel peptidomimetic inspired by an antimicrobial sequence encrypted in human apolipoprotein B. The peptidomimetic was found to exhibit antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties at concentration values ranging from 2.5 to 20 µmol L-1, to be biocompatible toward human skin cell lines, and to protect human keratinocytes from bacterial infections being able to induce a reduction of bacterial units by two or even four orders of magnitude with respect to untreated samples. Based on these promising results, a hyaluronic-acid-based hydrogel was devised to encapsulate and to specifically deliver the selected antimicrobial agent to the site of infection. The developed hydrogel-based system represents a promising, effective therapeutic option by combining the mechanical properties of the hyaluronic acid polymer with the anti-infective activity of the antimicrobial peptidomimetic, thus opening novel perspectives in the treatment of skin infections.

Novel Antimicrobial Strategies to Prevent Biofilm Infections in Catheters after Radical Cystectomy: A Pilot Study.

Catheter-associated infections in bladder cancer patients, following radical cystectomy or ureterocutaneostomy, are very frequent, and the development of antibiotic resistance poses great challenges for treating biofilm-based infections. Here, we characterized bacterial communities from catheters of patients who had undergone radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We evaluated the efficacy of conventional antibiotics, alone or combined with the human ApoB-derived antimicrobial peptide r(P)ApoBLAla, to treat ureteral catheter-colonizing bacterial communities on clinically isolated bacteria. Microbial communities adhering to indwelling catheters were collected during the patients' regular catheter change schedules (28 days) and extracted within 48 h. Living bacteria were characterized using selective media and biochemical assays. Biofilm growth and novel antimicrobial strategies were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Statistical analyses confirmed the relevance of the biofilm reduction induced by conventional antibiotics (fosfomycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and tetracycline) and a well-characterized human antimicrobial peptide r(P)ApoBLAla (1:20 ratio, respectively). Catheters showed polymicrobial communities, with Enterobactericiae and Proteus isolates predominating. In all samples, we recorded a meaningful reduction in biofilms, in both biomass and thickness, upon treatment with the antimicrobial peptide r(P)ApoBLAla in combination with low concentrations of conventional antibiotics. The results suggest that combinations of conventional antibiotics and human antimicrobial peptides might synergistically counteract biofilm growth on ureteral catheters, suggesting novel avenues for preventing catheter-associated infections in patients who have undergone radical cystectomy and ureterocutaneostomy.

Loading of Polydimethylsiloxane with a Human ApoB-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide to Prevent Bacterial Infections.

BACKGROUND: medical device-induced infections affect millions of lives worldwide and innovative preventive strategies are urgently required. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) appear as ideal candidates to efficiently functionalize medical devices surfaces and prevent bacterial infections. In this scenario, here, we produced antimicrobial polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by loading this polymer with an antimicrobial peptide identified in human apolipoprotein B, r(P)ApoBLPro. METHODS: once obtained loaded PDMS, its structure, anti-infective properties, ability to release the peptide, stability, and biocompatibility were evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy, water contact angle measurements, broth microdilution method, time-killing kinetic assays, quartz crystal microbalance analyses, MTT assays, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. RESULTS: PDMS was loaded with r(P)ApoBLPro peptide which was found to be present not only in the bulk matrix of the polymer but also on its surface. ApoB-derived peptide was found to retain its antimicrobial properties once loaded into PDMS and the antimicrobial material was found to be stable upon storage at 4 °C for a prolonged time interval. A gradual and significant release (70% of the total amount) of the peptide from PDMS was also demonstrated upon 400 min incubation and the antimicrobial material was found to be endowed with anti-adhesive properties and with the ability to prevent biofilm attachment. Furthermore, PDMS loaded with r(P)ApoBLPro peptide was found not to affect the viability of eukaryotic cells. CONCLUSIONS: an easy procedure to functionalize PDMS with r(P)ApoBLPro peptide has been here developed and the obtained functionalized material has been found to be stable, antimicrobial, and biocompatible.

Synthetic Antibiotic Derived from Sequences Encrypted in a Protein from Human Plasma.

Encrypted peptides have been recently found in the human proteome and represent a potential class of antibiotics. Here we report three peptides derived from the human apolipoprotein B (residues 887-922) that exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Staphylococci both in vitro and in an animal model. The peptides had excellent cytotoxicity profiles, targeted bacteria by depolarizing and permeabilizing their cytoplasmic membrane, inhibited biofilms, and displayed anti-inflammatory properties. Importantly, the peptides, when used in combination, potentiated the activity of conventional antibiotics against bacteria and did not select for bacterial resistance. To ensure translatability of these molecules, a protease resistant retro-inverso variant of the lead encrypted peptide was synthesized and demonstrated anti-infective activity in a preclinical mouse model. Our results provide a link between human plasma and innate immunity and point to the blood as a source of much-needed antimicrobials.

Human Cryptic Host Defence Peptide GVF27 Exhibits Anti-Infective Properties against Biofilm Forming Members of the Burkholderia cepacia Complex.

Therapeutic solutions to counter Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) bacteria are challenging due to their intrinsically high level of antibiotic resistance. Bcc organisms display a variety of potential virulence factors, have a distinct lipopolysaccharide naturally implicated in antimicrobial resistance. and are able to form biofilms, which may further protect them from both host defence peptides (HDPs) and antibiotics. Here, we report the promising anti-biofilm and immunomodulatory activities of human HDP GVF27 on two of the most clinically relevant Bcc members, Burkholderia multivorans and Burkholderia cenocepacia. The effects of synthetic and labelled GVF27 were tested on B. cenocepacia and B. multivorans biofilms, at three different stages of formation, by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Assays on bacterial cultures and on human monocytes challenged with B. cenocepacia LPS were also performed. GVF27 exerts, at different stages of formation, anti-biofilm effects towards both Bcc strains, a significant propensity to function in combination with ciprofloxacin, a relevant affinity for LPSs isolated from B. cenocepacia as well as a good propensity to mitigate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human cells pre-treated with the same endotoxin. Overall, all these findings contribute to the elucidation of the main features that a good therapeutic agent directed against these extremely leathery biofilm-forming bacteria should possess.

Environment-Sensitive Fluorescent Labelling of Peptides by Luciferin Analogues.

Environment-sensitive fluorophores are very valuable tools in the study of molecular and cellular processes. When used to label proteins and peptides, they allow for the monitoring of even small variations in the local microenvironment, thus acting as reporters of conformational variations and binding events. Luciferin and aminoluciferin, well known substrates of firefly luciferase, are environment-sensitive fluorophores with unusual and still-unexploited properties. Both fluorophores show strong solvatochromism. Moreover, luciferin fluorescence is influenced by pH and water abundance. These features allow to detect local variations of pH, solvent polarity and local water concentration, even when they occur simultaneously, by analyzing excitation and emission spectra. Here, we describe the characterization of (amino)luciferin-labeled derivatives of four bioactive peptides: the antimicrobial peptides GKY20 and ApoBL, the antitumor peptide p53pAnt and the integrin-binding peptide RGD. The two probes allowed for the study of the interaction of the peptides with model membranes, SDS micelles, lipopolysaccharide micelles and Escherichia coli cells. Kd values and binding stoichiometries for lipopolysaccharide were also determined. Aminoluciferin also proved to be very well-suited to confocal laser scanning microscopy. Overall, the characterization of the labeled peptides demonstrates that luciferin and aminoluciferin are previously neglected environment-sensitive labels with widespread potential applications in the study of proteins and peptides.

DNA Binding Mode Analysis of a Core-Extended Naphthalene Diimide as a Conformation-Sensitive Fluorescent Probe of G-Quadruplex Structures.

G-quadruplex existence was proved in cells by using both antibodies and small molecule fluorescent probes. However, the G-quadruplex probes designed thus far are structure- but not conformation-specific. Recently, a core-extended naphthalene diimide (cex-NDI) was designed and found to provide fluorescent signals of markedly different intensities when bound to G-quadruplexes of different conformations or duplexes. Aiming at evaluating how the fluorescence behaviour of this compound is associated with specific binding modes to the different DNA targets, cex-NDI was here studied in its interaction with hybrid G-quadruplex, parallel G-quadruplex, and B-DNA duplex models by biophysical techniques, molecular docking, and biological assays. cex-NDI showed different binding modes associated with different amounts of stacking interactions with the three DNA targets. The preferential binding sites were the groove, outer quartet, or intercalative site of the hybrid G-quadruplex, parallel G-quadruplex, and B-DNA duplex, respectively. Interestingly, our data show that the fluorescence intensity of DNA-bound cex-NDI correlates with the amount of stacking interactions formed by the ligand with each DNA target, thus providing the rationale behind the conformation-sensitive properties of cex-NDI and supporting its use as a fluorescent probe of G-quadruplex structures. Notably, biological assays proved that cex-NDI mainly localizes in the G-quadruplex-rich nuclei of cancer cells.

Impact of a Single Point Mutation on the Antimicrobial and Fibrillogenic Properties of Cryptides from Human Apolipoprotein B.

Host defense peptides (HDPs) are gaining increasing interest, since they are endowed with multiple activities, are often effective on multidrug resistant bacteria and do not generally lead to the development of resistance phenotypes. Cryptic HDPs have been recently identified in human apolipoprotein B and found to be endowed with a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with anti-biofilm, wound healing and immunomodulatory properties, and with the ability to synergistically act in combination with conventional antibiotics, while being not toxic for eukaryotic cells. Here, a multidisciplinary approach was used, including time killing curves, differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism, ThT binding assays, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. The effects of a single point mutation (Pro → Ala in position 7) on the biological properties of ApoB-derived peptide r(P)ApoBLPro have been evaluated. Although the two versions of the peptide share similar antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties, only r(P)ApoBLAla peptide was found to exert bactericidal effects. Interestingly, antimicrobial activity of both peptide versions appears to be dependent from their interaction with specific components of bacterial surfaces, such as LPS or LTA, which induce peptides to form ß-sheet-rich amyloid-like structures. Altogether, obtained data indicate a correlation between ApoB-derived peptides self-assembling state and their antibacterial activity.

Inflammation protein quantification by multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 cells.

RATIONALE: Inflammation is a cascade of events mediated by a cytokine network triggering the cellular response. In order to monitor the modulation of the crucial inflammatory proteins, e.g., Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interferon-γ (INF-γ), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10), upon stimulation with endotoxins, differentiated and undifferentiated THP-1 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from E. coli, key cell wall components of Gram-negative bacteria. METHODS: The multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) method was optimized by using the standard proteins to be quantified, in order to construct external calibration curves and define the analytical parameters. The developed method was used to quantify the above-mentioned inflammatory proteins in THP-1 differentiated cells upon stimulation with LPSs with high accuracy, sensitivity, and robustness. RESULTS: The analysis of such proteins in MRM mode allowed the kinetics of stimulation along the time up to 24 h to be followed and the MS results were found to be comparable with those obtained by Western-blotting. A significant increase in TNF-α release triggered a cascade mechanism leading to the production of INF-γ and IL-8. IL-10, instead, was found to be constant throughout the process. CONCLUSIONS: The developed MRM-MS method allowed the quantification of TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-8 and IL-10 along a time-course from 2 to 24 h. Hence, a trace of the kinetics of the inflammatory response in THP-1 cells upon stimulation with E. coli LPSs was obtained. Finally, the extensibility of the developed MRM method to serum samples and other matrices demonstrated the versatility of the approach and the possibility to quantify multiple target proteins in different biological samples by using a few microliters in a single analysis.

Host defense peptides identified in human apolipoprotein B as novel food biopreservatives and active coating components.

The effectiveness of three novel "host defence peptides" identified in human Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) as novel antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents to be employed in food industry is reported. ApoB-derived peptides have been found to exert significant antimicrobial effects towards Salmonella typhimurium ATCC® 14028 and Salmonella enteritidis 706 RIVM strains. Furthermore, they have been found to retain antimicrobial activity under experimental conditions selected to simulate those occurring during food storage, transportation and heat treatment, and have been found to be endowed with antibiofilm properties. Based on these findings, to evaluate the applicability of ApoB-derived peptides as food biopreservatives, coating solutions composed by chitosan (CH) and an ApoB-derived peptide have been prepared and found to be able to prevent Salmonella cells attachment to different kinds of surfaces employed in food industry. Finally, obtained coating solution has been demonstrated to hinder microbial proliferation in chicken meat samples. Altogether, obtained findings indicate that ApoB-derived peptides are promising candidates as novel biopreservatives for food packaging.

Toxicity and membrane perturbation properties of the ribotoxin-like protein Ageritin.

Ageritin is the prototype of a new ribotoxin-like protein family, which has been recently identified also in basidiomycetes. The protein exhibits specific RNase activity through the cleavage of a single phosphodiester bond located at sarcin/ricin loop of the large rRNA, thus inhibiting protein biosynthesis at early stages. Conversely to other ribotoxins, its activity requires the presence of divalent cations. In the present study, we report the activity of Ageritin on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells showing that the protein has a prominent effect on cancer cells viability and no effects on eukaryotic and bacterial cells. In order to rationalize these findings, the ability of the protein to interact with various liposomes mimicking normal, cancer and bacterial cell membranes was explored. The collected results indicate that Ageritin can interact with DPPC/DPPS/Chol vesicles, used as a model of cancer cell membranes, and with DPPC/DPPG vesicles, used as a model of bacterial cell membranes, suggesting a selective interaction with anionic lipids. However, a different perturbation of the two model membranes, mediated by cholesterol redistribution, was observed and this might be at the basis of Ageritin selective toxicity towards cancer cells.

Host defence peptides identified in human apolipoprotein B as promising antifungal agents.

Therapeutic options to treat invasive fungal infections are still limited. This makes the development of novel antifungal agents highly desirable. Naturally occurring antifungal peptides represent valid candidates, since they are not harmful for human cells and are endowed with a wide range of activities and their mechanism of action is different from that of conventional antifungal drugs. Here, we characterized for the first time the antifungal properties of novel peptides identified in human apolipoprotein B. ApoB-derived peptides, here named r(P)ApoBLPro, r(P)ApoBLAla and r(P)ApoBSPro, were found to have significant fungicidal activity towards Candida albicans (C. albicans) cells. Peptides were also found to be able to slow down metabolic activity of Aspergillus niger (A. niger) spores. In addition, experiments were carried out to clarify the mechanism of fungicidal activity of ApoB-derived peptides. Peptides immediately interacted with C. albicans cell surfaces, as indicated by fluorescence live cell imaging analyses, and induced severe membrane damage, as indicated by propidium iodide uptake induced upon treatment of C. albicans cells with ApoB-derived peptides. ApoB-derived peptides were also tested on A. niger swollen spores, initial hyphae and branched mycelium. The effects of peptides were found to be more severe on swollen spores and initial hyphae compared to mycelium. Fluorescence live cell imaging analyses confirmed peptide internalization into swollen spores with a consequent accumulation into hyphae. Altogether, these findings open interesting perspectives to the application of ApoB-derived peptides as effective antifungal agents. KEY POINTS: Human cryptides identified in ApoB are effective antifungal agents. ApoB-derived cryptides exert fungicidal effects towards C. albicans cells. ApoB-derived cryptides affect different stages of growth of A. niger. Graphical abstract.

Fighting multidrug resistance with a fruit extract: anti-cancer and anti-biofilm activities of Acca sellowiana.

In this study, the efficacy of Acca sellowiana fruit acetonic extract on human MDR cancer cells was tested for the first time, and it was demonstrated that the fruit extract is effective on both sensitive and resistant tumor cells. The effects of A. sellowiana extract on bacterial biofilm were also examined for the first time. By crystal violet assays and confocal microscopy analyses, it was demonstrated that the plant extract is able to strongly inhibit biofilm formation of both sensitive and resistant bacterial strains. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity assays and TEM analyses clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of plant extract on planktonic bacterial cells in both sensitive and resistant strains. Altogether, these findings intriguingly expand the panel of activities of A. sellowiana fruit extract with respect to previous reports, and open interesting perspectives to its therapeutic applications.